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AP.PLIED ARTS AND .FINE ARTS.
Although we .now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was onc.e common to think of crafts in terms .of function, which led to their being kno.wn as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view. o.f function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelter.s an.d supports. There is no way around the fact that contai.ners, shelters, and supports mu.st be functional. The applied arts a.re thus bound by the laws of physics, which perta.in to both the materials used in thei.r making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geogr.aphy, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. S.ince the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general f.orm of applied-art objects, they follow .basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary on.ly wi.thin certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusua.l because they depart from the norm. Ho.w.ever, not all functional .objects are exa.ctly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty v.ase as being different from an Inca vase. W.hat varies .is .not the basic form but the incidental de.tails that do not obstruct the object's. primary function. 美容
Sensitivity t.o physical l.aws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often ta.ken for granted that this is also true for the .maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by t.he laws of physics in the same way. that a.pplied-.art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. S.culptures must, for example, be stable, which requ.ires an .understandin.g of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have ri.gid stre.tchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint mus.t .not deterio.rate, crack, or discolor. .These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because. they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For. example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done be.cause the. cannonball was needed to support t.he weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of t.he laws of physics, n.ot the sculptor.'s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. T.hat this device was .a necessary s.tructural compromise is clear from the fact that. the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze). 美容
Even .though the fine arts i.n the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic differen.ce in attitude of artists in relation to their .material.s in the fine arts and. the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would t.herefore not be too great an exagge.ration to say that. practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with thei.r materials. 电脑