定语从句（THE ATTRABUTIVE CLAUSE）
一.概念
作用：在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某一名词或代词（先行词）,从句须放在先行词之后。
关系词：关联词用于引导一个定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。
二.知识点精讲
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
1）who, whom, that都可用来指人，在从句中作主语,宾语或表语，作宾语时引导词可省略。
Is he the man who/ that wants to see you?（who在从句中作主语）
He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
I’ll remember the days (that/which) we spent together. (that/which在从句中作宾语)
She is no longer the girl that she used to be.（that指人,作表语）
2）whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换。
They rushed over to help the man whose（≠of which） car had broken down. 指人
The girl whose（≠of which） mother is a teacher studies very hard. 指人
Please pass me the book whose（=of which） cover is green. 指物
Recently, I have bought a vase, whose (=of which) the price is reasonable. 指物
3）which, that代替的是物词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时引导词可省略。
-----A prosperity which / that has never taken place before appears in the countryside.
（which / that在句中作主语）
-----The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.（which / that在句中作宾语）
注意点：先行词既指人又指物时，关系代词只能用that
They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.
2.关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中充当状语。when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构。
1. when指代表示时间的先行词，在定语从句充当时间状语。
例如：October 1，1949 was the day when（=on which） the People’s Republic of China was founded.
2. where指代表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如：
We will visit the house where(=in which) Lu Xun was born.
There are occasions when （=on which）one must yield.
Beijing is the place where（=in which） I was born.
Is this the reason why （=for which） he refused our offer?
3. why指代表示原因的先行词，在定语从句中充当原因状语.例如:
Who can tell me the reason why(=for which) tom was absent today?
注意：如果代表时间，地点或原因的先行词在定于从句中不是充当状语，而是充当“主语”、“宾语”等句子成分，则不能够用where, when或why引导定语从句来修饰“代表地点的先行词”。例如：
1) This is the museum which we visited the day before yesterday.
2) I will not forget the days which I spent with my friends.
3) The reason which he gave for not coming to the meeting was that his mother was ill.
“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用原则——动词词组或搭配的需要，例如：
The book in which you are interested was sent by my uncle.( be interested in是固定搭配)
Britain, of which India is now independent of, is one of the most developed countries. (be independent of 是固定搭配)
3.判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
-----关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。
4.限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，关系词可能会省略；
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，关系词不可省略,。
----- This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）
----- The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词特指的事物时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
----- Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
----- My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
----- This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
3） 非限制性定语从句还能修饰整个主句, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
----- He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
----- Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
说明：which和that都可引导定语从句，但是非限制性定语从句只能用which，不用that。
5.as/ which引导定语从句
1.位置的区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，既可以前插到主句之前，也可放在主句之后，甚至可以插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句位置死板，只能跟在主句之后。试对比：
As we all know/ As is known to all, Taiwan is part of china.
Taiwan ,as we all know, is part of china。
Taiwan is part of China, as we all know.
Taiwan is part of china, which is taught at schools.
2.当指物的先行词前已经被the same，such等表示同类的限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用as引导。例如：
I won’t want such/the same coat as you you’ve got。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
Animals such as rabbits continue to be active in winter.
6.须用that引导的定语从句
情况1： nothing, everything, anything, much, all, little，something等不定代词作先行词时，常用that引导从句.
例句:Is there anything that I can do for you?
情况2:指物的先行词前被序数词修饰时。
例句:The first thing that we should do is to help him.
情况3:指物的先行词前被形容词最高级修饰时。
例句:This is the best foreign film that I have ever seen.
情况4:指物的先行词前被the very, the only, the same修饰时。
例句:That’s the very tool that we are looking for.
情况5:先行词既指人又指物时。
例 句:They talked about the things and friends that they could remember.
情况6:主句是由Who/Which引导的特殊疑问句时。
例 句:Who is the man that is standing over there?
Which is the tool that you are looking for?
情况7在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
例句：There is little that I can do for you.
7.不可由that引导的定语从句
情况1:在非限制性定语从句中。
例 句: Mr. Smith ,who lives in Chicago, is a doctor .
情况2:关系代词在从句中作前置介词的宾语时，即that不加在介词后
例 句:This is the room in which Mr. Liu once lived .
情况3:由that作先行词时。
例 句:The bread which is made by my mother is better than that which is sold in food shops.
情况4:someone.somebody,nobody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody等指人的不定代词作先行词时。
例 句:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
特殊情况：1）固定搭配——in that 解释为“在于，由于”，例如：
Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.
2）当way作先行词时， 定语从句常用in which，that引导定语从句或或省略关系，代词如：
I don’t like the way (in which/ that) you spoke to your mother.
专项练习：
1.I've read all the books----- you offered me.
a. which b. them c. what d. that
2.There isn't much I can do for you.
a. what b. which c. hat d. how
3.She keeps a record of everything-----she had seen there.
a. where b. that c. which d. what
4.Please tell us about the people and the places -----are different from ours.
a. that b. who c. which d. whom
5.Mr smith said that Wenzhou was the first city----- he had visited in china.
a. that b. where c. which d. what
6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one I have watched this month.
a. which b. what c. whose d. that
7.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, ----- a conference was to be held.
a. which b. that c. when d. where
8.Is this the museum----- you visited the other day?
a. that b. where c. in which d. the one
9.I began to work in Beijing in the year----- new china was founded.
a. when b. that c. which d. where
10.This is the very film----- I've long wished to see.
a. which b. that c. who d. whom
11.There is no difficulty----- can't be overcome in the world.
a. that b. which c. who d. what
12.Who is the person----- is standing at the gate of Beijing tourism tower?
a. who b. that c. which d. whom
13.This was the supermarket ----- I bought this kind of tin.
a. where b. that c. who d. which
14.The house ----- the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
a. that b. where c. what d. when
15.This is the last time ----- I shall come here to help you.
a. that b. which c. when d. what
16.The house ----- we live is not big.
a. in that b. which c. in which d. that
17.My neighbors used to give me a hand in time of trouble, ----- was very kind of them.
a. who b. that c. which d. whom
18.All----- glitters is not gold.
a. that b. which c.／ d. what
19. Is this factory______ we visited last year?
a. which b. what c. where d. the one
20. Is this the factory ______ we visited last year?
a. which b. what c. where d. the one
1.d2.c3.b 4.a 5.a6.d 7.d8.a9.a10.b11.a12.b 13.a 14.a15.a16.c17.c18.a19.d 20.a
分析：19）第一题的主句缺少表语，只有d项才能保证主句的完整性，而其他选项均为干扰项。20）第二题的正确选项为 a项,因为先行词在从句中作宾语。
